Chas Charles-Dunne wrote:Didn't Lucius II (1144-1145) the 166th pope and Anastasius IV (1153-1154) the 168th pope both have arms?
Assuming that Michel Pastoureau knows what he's talking about in saying that the first known coat of arms appears on a seal of 1146 belonging to Raoul of Vermandois (and I assume he does), it would be impossible for Lucius to have had a coat of arms. See http://heraldica.org/topics/origins.htm. And it would have been just unbelievably fast for heraldry to spread from the high feudal nobility of Picardy to the Roman patriciate in a matter of seven years.
Pastoureau found that the first pope actually to use arms was probably Innocent IV, a century after Lucius II. Arms attributed to his predecessors are merely that--attributed--often based on anachronistically assigning to 12th and early 13th century pontiffs the arms used by their families later on.